Goodwill is the excess value over the Market value of the PP& E, plus an estimate of the Present Value of the future Customer Book of Business. 无形资产是PP&E市场价值之外的盈数,加上将来客户生意单上现存价值的估计。
Over-investment means that companies 'investments are in excess of its ability to grow and the NPV ( net present value) were less than zero. 过度投资是指企业的投资超出或偏离了自身的能力和成长机会,投资于净现值为负(NPV0)的项目。